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  1. Bates, J. J. and D. L. Jackson (2001), Trends in upper-tropospheric humidity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(9), 1695–1698.
  2. Bates, J. J., D. L. Jackson, F.-B. Breon, and Z. D. Bergen (2001), Variability of tropical upper tropospheric humidity 1979–1998, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D23), 32,271–32,281.
  3. Bister, M. and M. Kulmala (2011), Anthropogenic aerosols may have increased upper tropospheric humidity in the 20th century, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4577–4586, doi:10.5194/acp-11-4577-2011.
  4. Chen, C.-T. and E. Roeckner (1996), A Comparison of Satellite Observations and Model Simulations of Column-Integrated Moisture and Upper-Tropospheric Humidity, J. Climate, 9, 1561–1584.
  5. Chen, M., R. B. Rood, and W. G. Read (1999), Seasonal variations of upper tropospheric water vapor and high clouds observed from satellites, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D6), 6193–6197, doi:10.1029/1998JD200124.
  6. Chung, E. S., B. J. Sohn, J. Schmetz, and M. Koenig (2007), Diurnal variation of upper tropospheric humidity and its relations to convective activities over tropical Africa, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7(10), 2489–2502, doi:10.5194/acp-7-2489-2007.
  7. Chung, E., B. J. Soden, B. Sohn, and J. Schmetz (2011), Model-simulated humidity bias in the upper troposphere and its relation to the large-scale circulation, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D10110, doi:10.1029/2011JD015609.
  8. Chung, E. S., B. J. Soden, B. J. Sohn, and J. Schmetz (2013), An Assessment of the Diurnal Variation of Upper Tropospheric Humidity in Reanalysis Datasets, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 3425–3430, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50345.
  9. Chung, E.-S., B. J. Sohn, and V. Ramanathan (1111), Moistening Processes in the Upper Troposphere by Deep Convention, Seoul National University, University of California.
  10. Clark, H. L. and R. S. Harwood (2003), Upper-Tropospheric Humidity from MLS and ECMWF Reanalyses, Mon. Weather Rev., 131, 542–555.
  11. Dessler, A. E. and S. C. Sherwood (2000), Simulations of tropical upper tropospheric humidity, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D15), 20,155–20,163.
  12. I. Durre, R. S. Vose and D. B. Wuertz (2006), Overview of the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archivs, J. Climate, 19(1), 53–68, doi:10.1175/JCLI3594.1.
  13. Durre, I. and Y. Xungang (2008), Enhanced radiosonde data for studies of vertical structure, Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 89(9), 1257–1262, doi:10.1175/2008BAMS2603.1.
  14. Ekström, M., P. Eriksson, B. Rydberg, and D. P. Murtagh (2007), First Odin sub-mm retrievals in the tropical upper troposphere: humidity and cloud ice signals, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 459–469, doi:10.5194/acp-7-459-2007.
  15. Folkins, I., K. K. Kelly, and E. M. Weinstock (2002), A simple explanation for the increase in relative humidity between 11 and 14 km in the tropics, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D23), 4736, doi:10.1029/2002JD002185.
  16. Fusina, F., P. Spichtinger, and U. Lohmann (2007), Impact of ice supersaturated regions and thin cirrus on radiation in the midlatitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24S14, doi:10.1029/2007JD008449.
  17. Gettelman, A., J. E. Harries, and P. W. Mote (2000), SPARC Assessment of Upper Tropospheric and Stratospheric Water Vapour, chap. Distribution and variability of water vapour in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, pp. 197–263, WCRP-113, WMO/TD -No. 1043, SPARC Report No. 2, WCRP: SPARC water vapour working group.
  18. Gettelman, Andrew, William D. Collins, Eric J. Fetzer, Annmarie Eldering, Fredrick W. Irion, Phillip B. Duffy, and Govindasamy Bala (2006), Climatology of Upper-Tropospheric Relative Humidity from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder and Implications for Climate, J. Climate, 19(23), 6104–6121, doi:10.1175/JCLI3956.1.
  19. Gettelman, A. and D. E. Kinnison (2007), The global impact of supersaturation in a coupled chemistry-climate model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1629–1643, doi:10.5194/acp-7-1629-2007.
  20. Horváth, Á. and B. J. Soden (2007), Lagrangian Diagnostics of Tropical Deep Convection and Its Effect upon Upper-Tropospheric Humidity, J. Climate, 21, 1013–1028, doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1786.1.
  21. Iacono, M. J., J. S. Delamere, E. J. Mlawer, and S. A. Clough (2003), Evaluation of upper tropospheric water vapor in the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3) using modeled and observed HIRS radiances, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 1–19, doi:10.1029/2002JD002539.
  22. Jackson, D. L. and J. J. Bates (2001), Upper tropospheric humidity algorithm assessment, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D23), 32,259–32,270.
  23. Jensen, E. J., W. G. Read, J. Mergenthaler, B. J. Sandor, L. Pfister, and A. Tabazadeh (1999), High Humidities and Subvisible Cirrus Near the Tropical Tropopause, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(15), 2347–2350.
  24. Kärcher, B. and W. Haag (2004), Factors controlling upper tropospheric relative humidity, Ann. Geophys., 22, 705–715.
  25. Kahn, B. H., A. Gettelman, E. J. Fetzer, A. Eldering, and C. K. Liang (2009), Cloudy and clear-sky relative humidity in the upper troposphere observed by the A-train, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00H02, doi:10.1029/2009JD011738.
  26. Kahn, B. H., C. K. Liang, A. Eldering, A. Gettelman Q. Yue, and K. N. Liou (2008), Tropical thin cirrus and relative humidity observed by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1501–1518, doi:10.5194/acp-8-1501-2008.
  27. Kennett, E. J. and R. Toumi (2003), Asymmetry and non-linearity in upper tropospheric humidity variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(22), 2161, doi:10.1029/2003GL018238.
  28. Lanzante, J. R. and G. E. Gahrs (2000), The "Clear-Sky Bias" of TOVS Upper-Tropospheric Humidity, J. Climate, 13, 4034–4041.
  29. Paltridge, G., A. Arking, and M. Pook (2009), Trends in middle- and upper-level tropospheric humidity from NCEP reanalysis data, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 98(3–4), 351–359, doi:10.1007/s00704-009-0117-x.
  30. Peter, T., C. Marcolli, P. Spichtinger, T. Corti, M. B. Baker, and T. Koop (2006), When Dry Air Is Too Humid, Science, 134, 1–3.
  31. Quaas, J. (2012), Evaluating the "critical relative humidity" as a measure of subgrid-scale variability of humidity in general circulation model cloud cover parameterizations using satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D09208, doi:10.1029/2012JD017495.
  32. Read, W. G., J. W. Waters, D. L. Wu, E. M. Stone, Z. Shippony, A. C. Smedley, C. C. Smallcomb, S. Oltmans, D. Kley, H. G. J. Smit, J. L. Mergenthaler, and M. K. Karki (2001), UARS Microwave Limb Sounder upper tropospheric humidity measurement: Method and validation, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D23), 32207–32258, doi:10.1029/2000JD000122.
  33. Read, W. G., A. Lambert, J. Bacmeister, R. E. Cofield, L. E. Christensen, D. T. Cuddy, W. H. Daffer, B. J. Drouin, E. Fetzer, L. Froidevaux, R. Fuller, R. Herman, R. F. Jarnot, J. H. Jiang, Y. B. Jiang, K. Kelly, B. W. Knosp, J. J. Kovalenko nd N. J. Livesey, H.-C. Liu, G. L. Manney, H. M. Pickett, H. C. Pumphrey, K. H. Rosenlof, X. Sabounchi, M. L. Santee, M. J. Schwartz, W. V. Snyder, P. C. Stek, H. Su, L. L. Takacs, R. P. Thurstans, H. Vömel, P. A. Wagner, J. W. Waters, C. R. Webster, E. M. Weinstock, and D. L. Wu (2007), Aura Microwave Limb Sounder upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric H[2]O and relative humidity with respect to ice validation, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24S35, doi:10.1029/2007JD008752.
  34. Ryoo, J.-M., D. W. Waugh, and A. Gettelman (2008), Variability of subtropical upper tropospheric humidity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2643–2655, doi:10.5194/acp-8-2643-2008.
  35. Salathé, E. P. and D. L. Hartmann (1997), A Trajectory Analysis of Tropical Upper-Tropospheric Moisture and Convection, J. Climate, 13, 2533–2547.
  36. Salby, M., F. Sassi, P. Callaghan, W. Read, and H. Pumphrey (2003), Fluctuations of Cloud, Humidity, and Thermal Structure near the Tropical Tropopause, J. Climate, 16, 3428–3446.
  37. Sandor, B. J., E. J. Jensen, E. M. Stone, W. G. Read, J. W. Waters, and J. L. Mergenthaler (2000), Upper Tropospheric Humidity and Thin Cirrus, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(17), 2645–2648.
  38. Sassi, F., M. Salby, and W. R. Read (2001), Relationship between upper tropospheric humdity and deep convection, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D15), 17,133–17,146.
  39. Soden, B., et al. (2000), An Intercomparison of Radiation Codes for Retrieving Upper-Tropospheric Humidity in the 6.3-μm Band: A Report from the First GVaP Workshop, Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 81(4), 797–808.
  40. Soden, B. J., D. D. Turner, B. M. Lesht, and L. M. Miloshevich (2004), An analysis of satellite, radiosonde, and lidar observations of upper tropospheric water vapor from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program, J. Geophys. Res.: Atm., 109, D04105, doi:10.1029/2003JD003828.
  41. Soden, B. J. (2004), The impact of tropical convection and cirrus an upper tropospheric humidity: A Lagrangian analysis of satellite measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L20104, doi:10.1029/2004GL020980.
  42. Soden, B. J., D. J. Jackson, V. Ramaswamy, M. D. Schwarzkopf, and X. Huang (2005), The Radiative Signature of Upper Tropospheric Moistening, Science, 310(5749), 841–844, doi:10.1126/science.1115602.
  43. Soden, B. J. and I. M. Held (2006), An assessment of climate feedbacks in coupled ocean-atmosphere models, J. Climate, 19(14), 3354–3360, doi:10.1175/JCLI3799.1.
  44. Soden, B. J. and F. P. Bretherton (1993), Upper Tropospheric Relative Humidity From the GOES 6.7 μm Channel: Method and Climatology for July 1987, J. Geophys. Res., 98(D9), 16,669–16,688.
  45. Soden, B. J., S. A. Ackerman, D. O'C. Starr, S. H. Melfi, and R. A. Ferrare (1994), Comparison of upper tropospheric water vapor from GOES, Raman lidar, and cross-chain loran atmospheric sounding system measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D10), 21,005–21,016.
  46. Soden, B. J. and J. R. Lanzante (1996), An Assessment of Satellite and Radiosonde Climatologies of Upper-Tropospheric Water Vapor, J. Climate, 9, 1235–1250.
  47. Soden, B. J. (1998), Tracking upper tropospheric water vapor radiances: A satellite perspective, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D14), 17,069–17,081.
  48. Sohn, B.-J., E.-S. Chung, J. Schmetz, and E. A. Smith (2003), Estimating upper-tropospheric water vapor from SSM/T-2 satellite measurements, J. Appl. Meteorol., 42(4), 488–504, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<0488:EUTWVF>2.0.CO;2.
  49. Sohn, B.-J., J. Schmetz, R. Stuhlmann, and J.-Y. Lee (2006), Dry Bias in Satellite-Derived Clear-Sky Water Vapor and Its Contribution to Longwave Cloud Radiative Forcing, J. Climate, 19(21), 5570–5580, doi:10.1175/JCLI3948.1.
  50. Spangenberg, D. A., G. G. Mace, T. P. Ackerman, N. L. Seaman, and B. J. Soden (1997), Evaluation of model-simulated upper troposphere humidity using 6.7 μm satellite observations, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D22), 25737–25749.
  51. Stone, E. M., L. Pan, B. J. Sandor, W. R. Read, and J. W. Waters (2000), Spatial distributions of upper tropospheric water vapor measurements from the UARS Microwave Limb Sounder, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D10), 12149–12162, doi:10.1029/2000JD900125.
  52. Voemel, H., S. J. Oltmans, B. J. Johnson, F. Hasebe, M. Shiotani, M. Fujiwara, N. Nishi, M. Agama, J. Cornejo, F. Paredes, and H. Enriquez (2002), Balloon-borne observations of water vapor and ozone in the tropical upper troposhere and lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D14), doi:10.1029/2001JD000707.
  53. Wang, J., H. L. Cole, D. J. Carlson, and A. Paukkunen (2001), Performance of Vaisala RS80 Radiosonde on Measuring Upper-Tropospheric Humidity after Correction, National center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)/Atmospheric Technology Division (ATD), 11th Symposium on Meterological Observations and Instrumentation.
  54. Waugh, D. W. (2005), Impact of potential vorticity on subtropical upper tropospheric humidity, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D11305, doi:10.1029/2004JD005664.
  55. SPARC water vapour working group (2000), SPARC Assessment of Upper Tropospheric and Stratospheric Water Vapour, WMO/ICSU/IOC World Climate Research Programme.
  56. Wimmers, A. J. and J. L Moody (2001), A fixed-layer estimation of upper tropospheric specific humidity from the GOES water vapor channel: Parameterization and validation of the altered brightness temperature product, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D15), 17,115–17,132.