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Filtered by keyword:tropics

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  1. Bony, S., G. Bellon, D. Klocke, S. Sherwood, S. Fermepin, and S. Denvil (2013), Robust direct effect of carbon dioxide on tropical circulation and regional precipitation, Nature Geosci., 6(6), 447–451, doi:10.1038/NGEO1799.
  2. Bony, S., B. Stevens, D. M. W. Frierson, C. Jakob, M. Kageyama, R. Pincus, T. G. Shepherd, S. C. Sherwood, A. P. Siebesma, A. H. Sobel, M. Watanabe, and M. J. Webb (2015), Clouds, circulation and climate sensitivity, Nature Geosci., 8(4), 261–268, doi:10.1038/NGEO2398.
  3. Bretherton, C. S., M. E. Peters, and L. E. Back (2004), Relationships between Water Vapor Path and Precipitation over the Tropical Oceans, J. Climate, 17(7), 1517–1528, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017%3C1517:RBWVPA%3E2.0.CO;2.
  4. Brient, F., T. Schneider, Z. Tan, S. Bony, X. Qu, and A. Hall (2015), Shallowness of tropical low clouds as a predictor fo climate models' response to warming, Climate Dynamics, 1–17, doi:10.1007/s00382-015-2846-0.
  5. Cane, M. A. (1998), A Role fot the Tropical Pacific, Science, 282, 59–62.
  6. Chaboureau, J.-P., J.-P. Cammas, J. Duron, P. J. Mascart, N. M. Sitnikov, and H.-J. Voessing (2007), A numerical study of tropical cross-tropopause transport by convective overshoots, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7(7), 1731–1740, doi:10.5194/acp-7-1731-2007.
  7. Chae, J. H., D. L. Wu, W. G. Read, and S. C. Sherwood (2011), The role of tropical deep convective clouds on temperature, water vapor, and dehydration in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3811–3821, doi:10.5194/acp-11-3811-2011.
  8. Chen, J., B. E. Carlson, and A. D. Del Genio (2002), Evidence for Strengthening of the Tropical General Circulation in the 1990s, Science, 295, 838–841.
  9. Eguchi, N. and M. Shiotani (2004), Intraseasonal variations of water vapor and cirrus clouds in the tropical upper troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D12106, doi:10.1029/2003JD004314.
  10. Ekström, M. and P. Eriksson (2008), Altitude resolved ice-fraction in the uppermost tropical troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L13822, doi:10.1029/2008GL034305.
  11. Eymard, L., M. Gheudin, P. Laborie, F. Sirou, C. Le Gac, J. P. Vinson, S. Franquet, M. Desbois, R. Roca, N. Scott, and P. Waldteufel (2001), The SAPHIR humidity sounder, CETP, Observatoire de Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, MEGHA-TROPIQUES 2nd Scientific Workshop.
  12. Fasullo, J. T. and K. E. Trenberth (2012), A Less Cloudy Future: The Role of Subtropical Subsidence in Climate Sensitivity, Science, 338(6108), 792–794, doi:10.1126/science.1227465.
  13. Feldman, D. R., T. S. L'Ecuyer amd K. N. Liou, and Y. L. Yung (2008), Remote sensing of tropical tropopause layer radiation balance using A-train measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D21113, doi:10.1029/2008JD010158.
  14. Fläschner, D. (2016), Intermodel spread in global tropical precipitation changes, Ph.D. thesis, University of Hamburg.
  15. Folkins, I., K. K. Kelly, and E. M. Weinstock (2002), A simple explanation for the increase in relative humidity between 11 and 14 km in the tropics, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D23), doi:10.1029/2002JD002185.
  16. Folkins, I., K. K. Kelly, and E. M. Weinstock (2002), A simple explanation for the increase in relative humidity between 11 and 14 km in the tropics, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D23), 4736, doi:10.1029/2002JD002185.
  17. Folkins, I. and R. V. Martin (2004), The Vertical Structure of Tropical Convection and Its Impact on the Budgets of Water Vapor and Ozone, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 1560–1573.
  18. Fu, Q., C. M. Johanson, J. M. Wallace, and T. Reichler (2006), Enhanced Mid-Latitude Tropospheric Warming in Satellite Measurements, Science, 312.
  19. Fueglistaler, S., A. E. Dessler, T. J. Dunkerton, I. Folkins, Q. Fu, and P. W. Mote (2009), Tropical tropopause layer, Rev. Geophys., 47, RG1004, doi:10.1029/2008RG000267.
  20. Gaffen, D. J., B. D. Santer, J. S. Boyle, J. R. Christy, N. E. Graham, and R. J. Ross (2000), Multidecadal Changes in the Vertical Temperature Structure of the Tropical Troposphere, Science, 287, 1242–1245.
  21. Gettelman, A., W. J. Randel, F. Wu, and S. T. Massie (2001), Transport of Water Vapor in the Tropical Tropopause Layer, Geophys. Res. Lett.
  22. Gettelman, A. and P. M. de F. Forster (2002), A Climatology of the Tropical Tropopause Layer, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 80(4V), 911–924.
  23. Guichard, F., D. Parsons, and E. Miller (2000), Thermodynamic and Radiative Impact of the Correction of Sounding Humidity Bias in the Tropics, J. Climate, 13, 3611–3624.
  24. Harrop, B. E. and D. L. Hartmann (2015), The Relationship between Atmospheric Convective Radiative Effect and Net Energy Transport in the Tropical Warm Pool, J. Climate, 28(21), 8620–8633, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0151.1.
  25. Hartmann, D. L. and K. Larson (2002), An important constraint on tropical cloud - climate feedback, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(20), 12-1–12-4, doi:10.1029/2002GL015835.
  26. Hartmann, D. L. (2002), Tropical Surprises, Science, 811–812.
  27. Hartmann, D. L. (2016), Tropical anvil clouds and climate sensitivity, Proc. Nat. Aca. Sci., 113(32), 8897–8899, doi:10.1073/pnas.1610455113.
  28. Highwood, E. J. and B. J. Hoskins (1998), The tropical tropopause, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 124(549), 1579–1604, doi:10.1002/qj.49712454911.
  29. Inamdar, A. K. and V. Ramanathan (1998), Tropical and global scale interactions among water vapor, atmospheric greenhouse effect, and surface temperature, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D24), 32,177–32,194.
  30. Jensen, E. J., W. G. Read, J. Mergenthaler, B. J. Sandor, L. Pfister, and A. Tabazadeh (1999), High Humidities and Subvisible Cirrus Near the Tropical Tropopause, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(15), 2347–2350.
  31. Kahn, B. H., C. K. Liang, A. Eldering, A. Gettelman Q. Yue, and K. N. Liou (2008), Tropical thin cirrus and relative humidity observed by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1501–1518, doi:10.5194/acp-8-1501-2008.
  32. Klein, S. A., B. J. Soden, and N.-C. Lau (1999), Remote Sea Surface Temperature Variations during ENSO: Evidence for a Tropical Atmospheric Bridge, J. Climate, 12, 917–932.
  33. Kumar, V. V., C. Jakob, A. Protat, P. T. May, and L. Davies (2013), The four cumulus cloud models and their progression during rainfall events: A C-band polarimetric radar perspective, J. Geophys. Res., 118(15), 8375–8389, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50640.
  34. Kummerow, C., W. Barnes, T. Kozu, J. Shiue, and J. Simpson (1998), The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Sensor Package, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 808–816.
  35. Lawson, R. P., S. Woods, and H. Morrison (2015), The Microphysics of Ice and Precipitation Development in Tropical Cumulus Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 72(6), 2429–2445, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-14-0274.1.
  36. Lucas, C., B. Timbal, and H. Nguyen (2013), The expanding tropics: a critical assessment of the observational and modeling studies, Wiley Interd. Rev.: Climate Change, 5(1), 89–112, doi:10.1002/wcc.251.
  37. Masunaga, H. and C. D. Kummerow (2005), Combined Radar and Radiometer Analysis of Precipitation Profiles for a Parametric Retrieval Algorithm, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 22, 909–929, doi:10.1175/JTECH1751.1.
  38. McCarthy, M. P. and R. Toumi (2004), Observed Interannual Variability of Tropical Troposphere Relative Humidity, J. Climate, 17(16), 3181–3191, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3181:OIVOTT>2.0.CO;2.
  39. Montoux, N., A. Hauchecorne, J.-P. Pommereau, F. Lefèvre, G. Durry, R. L. Jones, A. Rozanov, S. Dhomse, J. P. Burrows, B. Morel, and H. Bencherif (2009), Evaluation of balloon and satellite water vapour measurements in the Southern tropical and subtropical UTLS during the HIBISCUS campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5299–5319, doi:10.5194/acp-9-5299-2009.
  40. Nilsson, J. and K. A. Emanuel (1999), Equilibrium atmospheres of a two-column radiative-convective model, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 125(558), 2239–2264, doi:10.1002/qj.49712555814.
  41. Noda, A. T., T. Seiki, M. Satoh, and Y. Yamada (2016), High cloud size dependency in the applicability of the fixed anvil temperature hypothesis using global nonhydrostatic simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43(5), 2307–2314, doi:10.1002/2016GL067742.
  42. Philipps, O. L., Y. Malhi, N. Higuchi, W. F. Laurance, P. V. Nunez, R. M. Vasquez, S. G. Laurance, L. V. Ferreira, M. Stern, S. Brown, and J. Grace (1998), Changes in the Carbon Balance of Tropical Forests: Evidence from Long-Term Plots, Science, 282, 439–441.
  43. Pramualsakdikul, S., R. Haas, G. Elgered, and H.-G. Scherneck (2007), Sensing of diurnal and semi-diurnal variability in the water vapour content in the tropics using GPS measurements, Met. Appl., 14, 403–412, doi:10.1002/met.39.
  44. Pueschel, R. F., D. A. Allen, C. Black, S. Faisant, G. V. Ferry, S. D. Howard, J. M. Livingston, J. Redemann, C. E. Sorenson, and S. Verma (1995), Condensed water in tropical cyclone "Oliver", 8 February 1993, Atmos. Res., 38, 297–313.
  45. Rao, K. G., M. Desbois, R. Roca, and K. Nakamura (204), Upper tropospheric drying and the "transition to break" in the Indian summer monsoon during 1999, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, doi:10.1029/2003GL018269.
  46. Reid, G. C. and K. S. Gage (1981), On the Annual Variation in Height of the Tropical Tropopause, J. Atmos. Sci., 38(9), 1928–1938, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<1928:OTAVIH>2.0.CO;2.
  47. Riehl, H. and J. S. Malkus (1958), On the heat balance in the equatorial trough zone, Geophysica, 6(3–4), 503–537.
  48. Roca, R., R. Guzman, J. Lemond, J. Meijer, L. Picon, and H. Brogniez (2012), Tropical and Extra-Tropical Influences on the Distribution of Free Tropospheric Humidity Over the Intertropical Belt, Sur. Geophy., 33(3-4), 565–583, doi:10.1007/s10712-011-9169-4.
  49. Sajith, V., K. R. Santosh, and H. S. Ram Mohan (2003), Intraseasonal oscillation of total precipitable water over North Indian Ocean and its application in the diagnostic study of coastal rainfall, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(20), doi:10.1029/2003GL017635.
  50. Sarkar, S. K. and R. Kumar (2002), Cloud Characteristics and Cloud Attenuation in Millimeter Wave and Microwave Frequency Bands for Satellite and Remote Sensing Applications over a Northern Indian Tropical Station, Int. J. Inf. Millim. Waves, 23(5), 937–944.
  51. Schröder, M., R. Roca, L. Picon, A. Kniffka, and H. Brogniez (2014), Climatology of free-tropospheric humidity: extension into the SEVIRI era, evaluation and exemplary analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14(20), 11129–11148, doi:10.5194/acp-14-11129-2014.
  52. Schwendike, J., P. Govekar, M. J. Reeder, R. Wardle, G. J. Berry, and C. Jakob (2014), Local partitioning of the overturning circulation in the tropics and the connection to the Hadley and Walker circulations, J. Geophys. Res., 119(3), 1322–1339, doi:10.1002/2013JD020742.
  53. Seidel, D. J., R. J. Ross, J. K. Angell, and G. C. Reid (2001), Climatological characteristics of the tropical tropopause as revealed by radiosondes, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D8), 7857–7878, doi:10.1029/2000JD900837.
  54. Shaw, R. (1999), Indian Ocean has its own El Nino, Env. News Net.
  55. Shaw, R. (1999), New tools help forecast tropical storms, Env. News Net.
  56. Spencer, R. W. and W. D. Braswell (1997), How Dry is the Tropical Free Troposphere? Implications for Global Warming Theory, Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 78(6), 1097–1106.
  57. Stevens, B., D. Farrell, L. Hirsch, F. Jansen, L. Nuijens, I. Serikov, B. Brügmann, M. Forde, H. Linne, K. Lonitz, and J. M. Prospero (2016), The Barbados Cloud Observatory, Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 97(5), 787–801, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00247.1.
  58. Thompson, A. M., J. C. Witte, S. J. Oltmans, and F. J. Schmidlin (2004), SHADOZ - A tropical ozonesonde-radiosonde network for the atmospheric community, Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 85(10), 1549–1564, doi:10.1175/BAMS-85-10-1549.
  59. Trenberth, K. E., D. P. Stepaniak, and J. W. Hurrell (2001), Quality of Reanalyses in the Tropics, J. Climate, 14, 1499–1510.
  60. Winker, D. M. and C. R. Trepte (1998), Laminar cirrus observed near the tropical tropopause by LITE, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25(17), 3351–3354.
  61. Yasunaga, K., H. Kida, and T. Satomura (2004), The 600–750 hPa relative humidity minimum observed during PEM-Tropics B, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(24), doi:10.1029/2003GL018739.
  62. Zhao, G. and L. D. Girolamo (2007), Statistics on the macrophysical properties of trade wind cumuli over the tropical western Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 112(D10), D1024, doi:10.1029/2006JD007371.