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  1. Adams, I. S., P. Gaiser, and W. Linwood Jones (2008), Simulation of the Stokes vector in inhomogeneous precipitation, Radio Sci., 43, RS5006, doi:10.1029/2007RS003744.
  2. Auer, A. H. (1972), Distribution of graupel and hail with size, Mon. Weather Rev., 100, 325–328.
  3. Barthazy, E., S. Göke, R. Schefold, and D. Högl (2004), An optical array instrument for shape and fall velocity measurements of hydrometeors, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 21(9), 1400–1416, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<1400:AOAIFS>2.0.CO;2.
  4. Battaglia, A., C. Simmer, and H. Czekala (2006), Three-dimensional effects in polarization signatures as observed from precipitating clouds by low frequency ground-based microwave radiometers, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4383–4394, doi:10.5194/acp-6-4383-2006.
  5. Bauer, P. and A. Mugnai (2003), Precipitation profile retrievals using temperature-sounding microwave observations, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D23), doi:10.1029/2003JD003572.
  6. Bauer, P., P. Lopez, A. Benedetti, D. Salmond, and E. Moreau (2006), Implementation of 1D+4D-Var Assimilation of Precipitation Affected Microwave Radiances at ECMWF, Part I: 1D-Var, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ECMWF,Technical Memorandum.
  7. Bauer, P., A. J. Geer, P. Lopez, and D. Salmond (2010), Direct 4D-Var assimilation of all-sky radiances. Part I: Implementation, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 136(652), 1868–1885, doi:10.1002/qj.659.
  8. Bennartz, R., A. Thoss, A. Dybbroe, and D. B. Michelson (2002), Precipitation analysis using the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit in support of nowcasting applications, Met. Appl., 9, 177–189, doi:10.1017/S1350482702002037.
  9. Bennartz, R. and P. Bauer (2003), Sensitivity of microwave radiances at 85–183 GHz to precipitating ice particles, Radio Sci., 38(4), doi:10.1029/2002RS002626.
  10. Berg, P., C. Moseley, and J. O. Haerter (2013), Strong increase in convective precipitation in response to higher temperatures, Nature Geosci., 6(3), 181–185, doi:10.1038/NGEO1731.
  11. Bony, S., G. Bellon, D. Klocke, S. Sherwood, S. Fermepin, and S. Denvil (2013), Robust direct effect of carbon dioxide on tropical circulation and regional precipitation, Nature Geosci., 6(6), 447–451, doi:10.1038/NGEO1799.
  12. Bretherton, C. S., M. E. Peters, and L. E. Back (2004), Relationships between Water Vapor Path and Precipitation over the Tropical Oceans, J. Climate, 17(7), 1517–1528, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017%3C1517:RBWVPA%3E2.0.CO;2.
  13. Cavazos, T. and B. C. Hewitson (2005), Performance of NCEP–NCAR reanalysis variables in statistical downscaling of daily precipitation, Climate Research, 28(2), 95–107, doi:10.3354/cr028095.
  14. Chandrasekar, V., W. Li, and B. Zafar (2005), Estimation of raindrop size distribution from spaceborne radar observations, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 43(5), 1078–1086, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2005.846130.
  15. Chen, R., Z. Li, R. J. Kuligowski, R. Ferraro, and F. Weng (2011), A study of warm rain detection using A-Train satellite data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L04804, doi:10.1029/2010GL046217.
  16. Claud, C., B. Alhammoud, B. M. Funatsu, C. Lebeaupin Brossier, J.-P. Chaboureau, K. Béranger, and P. Drobinski (2012), A high resolution climatology of precipitation and deep convection over the Mediterranean region from operational satellite microwave data: development and application to the evaluation of model uncertainties, Nat. Hazards and Earth Syst. Sci, 12, 785–798, doi:10.5194/nhess-12-785-2012.
  17. Czekala, H. and P. Bauer (1998), Clouds and Precipitation, xx.
  18. Deirmendjian, D. (1963), Complete Microwave Scattering and Extinction Properties of Polydispersed Cloud and Rain Elements, United States Air Force, RAND, R-422-PR.
  19. Di Michele, S. and P. Bauer (2005), Passive Microwave Radiometer Channel Selection Based on Cloud and Precipitation Information Content Estimation, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ECMWF, Technical Memorandum.
  20. Di Michele, S. and P. Bauer (2006), Passive microwave radiometer channel selection based on cloud and precipitation information content, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 132(617), 1299–1323, doi:10.1256/qj.05.164.
  21. Ferraro, R. R., N. C. Grody, F. Weng, and A. Basist (1996), An Eight-Year (1987–1994) Time Series of Rainfall, Clouds, Water Vapor, Snow Cover, and Sea Ice Derived from SSM/I Measurements, Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 77, 891–906.
  22. Fläschner, D. (2016), Intermodel spread in global tropical precipitation changes, Ph.D. thesis, University of Hamburg.
  23. Frieler, K., M. Meinshausen, T. Schneider von Deimling, T. Andrews, and P. Forster (2011), Changes in global-mean precipitation in response to warming, greenhouse gas forcing and black carbon, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L04702, doi:10.1029/2010GL045953.
  24. Gasiewski, A. J. T. (1988), Atmospheric Temperature Sounding and Precipitation Cell Parameter Estimation using Passive 118-GHz O2 Observations, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  25. Gasiewski, A. J. and D. H. Staelin (1990), Numerical modeling of passive microwave O2 observations over precipitation, Radio Sci., 25(3), 217–235.
  26. Geer, A. J., P. Bauer, and C. W. O'Dell (2009), A Revised Cloud Overlap Scheme for Fast Microwave Radiative Transfer in Rain and Cloud, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 48(11), 2257–2270, doi:10.1175/2009JAMC2170.1.
  27. Hartmann, D. L. and K. Larson (2002), An important constraint on tropical cloud - climate feedback, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(20), 12-1–12-4, doi:10.1029/2002GL015835.
  28. Haynes, John M., Tristan S. L'Ecuyer, Graeme L. Stephens, Steven D. Miller, Cristian Mitrescu, Norman B. Wood, and Simone Tanelli (2009), Rainfall retrieval over the ocean with spaceborne W-band radar, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00A22, doi:10.1029/2008JD009973.
  29. He, J. and B. J. Soden (2016), A re-examination of the projected subtropical precipitation decline, Nature Clim. Change, 7, 53–58, doi:10.1038/nclimate3157.
  30. Holt, A. R., R. J. Cummings, G. J. G. Upton, and W. J. Bradford (2008), Rain rates, drop size information, and precipitation type, obtained from one-way differential propagation phase and attenuation along a microwave link, Radio Sci., 43, RS5009, doi:10.1029/2007RS003773.
  31. Hou, A. Y., R. K. Kakar, S. Neeck, A. A. Azarbarzin, C. D. Kummerow, M. Kojima, R. Oki, K. Nakamura, and T. Iguchi (2014), The Global Precipitation Measurement Mission, Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 95(5), 701-722, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00164.1.
  32. Hsu, K.-L., X. Gao, S. Sorooshian, and H. V. Gupta (1997), Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks, J. Appl. Meteorol., 36, 1176–1190.
  33. Kidd, C., D. R. Kniveton, M. C. Todd, and T. J. Bellerby (2003), Satellite Rainfall Estimation Using Combined Passive Microwave and Infrared Algorithms, J. Hydrometeorol., 4, 1088–1104.
  34. Kidd, C. and V. Levizzani (2011), Status of satellite precipitation retrievals, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15(4), 1109–1116, doi:10.5194/hess-15-1109-2011.
  35. Kubar, T. L., D. L. Hartmann, and R. Wood (2007), Radiative and Convective Driving of Tropical High Clouds, J. Climate, 20(22), 5510–5526, doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1628.1.
  36. Kulie, M. S., R. Bennartz, T. J. Greenwald, Y. Chen, and F. Weng (2010), Uncertainties in Microwave Properties of Frozen Precipitation: Implications for Remote Sensing and Data Assimilation, J. Atmos. Sci., 67(11), 3471–3487.
  37. Kummerow, C. D., S. Ringerud, J. Crook, D. Randel, and W. Berg (2011), An Observationally Generated A Priori Database for Microwave Rainfall Retrievals, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 28, doi:10.1175/2010JTECHA1468.1.
  38. Laiguang, Y. and L. Yangang (1995), Some microphysical characteristics of cloud and precipitation over China, Atmos. Res., 35, 271–281.
  39. Laviola, S. and V. Levizzani (2011), The 183-WSL fast rain rate retrieval algorithm Part I: Retrieval design, Atmos. Res., 99, 443–461, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.11.013.
  40. L'Ecuyer, T. S., G. L. Stevens, and R. T. Austin (2004), Mapping clouds and precipitation with CloudSat and the afternoon A-Train, In: Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Radar Meteorology and COST-717 Final Seminar, Visby, Sweden, September 6-10, 2004, pp. 144–149.
  41. Li, H., J. Sheffield, and E. F. Wood (2010), Bias correction of monthly precipitation and temperature fields from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change AR4 models using equidistant quantile matching, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D10101, doi:10.1029/2009JD012882.
  42. Lin, B. and W. B. Rossow (1997), Precipitation water path and rainfall rate estimates for oceans using special sensor microwave imager and International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project data, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 9359–9374.
  43. Liu, G. and J. A. Curry (1997), Precipitation characteristics in Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Seas determined by using satellite microwave data, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D12), 13,987–13,997.
  44. Marzano, F. S., M. Palmacci, D. Cimini, G. Giuliani, and F. J. Turk (2004), Multivariate Statistical Integration of Satellite Infrared and Microwave Radiometric Measurements for Rainfall Retrieval at the Geostationary Scale, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 42(5), 1018–1032, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2003.820312.
  45. Marzano, F. S., A. Mugnai, E. A. Smith, X. Xiang, J. Turk, and J. Vivekanandan (1994), Active and Passive Remote Sensing of Precipitating Storms During Ca.PE. Part II: Intercomparison of Precipitation Retrievals Over Land From AMPR Radiometer and CP-2 Radar, Met. Atm. Phys., 54, 29–51.
  46. Masunaga, H. and C. D. Kummerow (2005), Combined Radar and Radiometer Analysis of Precipitation Profiles for a Parametric Retrieval Algorithm, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 22, 909–929, doi:10.1175/JTECH1751.1.
  47. Matrosov, S. Y. and A. J. Heymsfield (2008), Estimating ice content and extinction in precipitating cloud systems from CloudSat radar measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 113, 1–8, doi:10.1029/2007JD009633.
  48. Medaglia, C. M., C. Adamo, F. Baordo, S. Dietrich, S. Di Michele, V. Kotroni, K. Lagouvardos, A. Mugani, S. Pinori, E. A. Smith, and G. J. Tripoli (2005), Comparing microphysical/dynamical outputs by different cloud resolving models: impact on passive microwave precipitation retrieval from satellite, Adv. Geosci., 2, 195–199.
  49. Milan, M. M., M. J. Estrela, and J. Miro (2005), Rainfall Components: Variability and Spatial Distribution in a Mediterranean Area (Valencia Region), J. Climate, 18.
  50. Milbrandt, J. A. and R. Mctaggart (2010), Sedimentation-Induced Errors in Bulk Microphysics Schemes, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 3931–3948, doi:10.1175/2010JAS3541.1.
  51. Mitchell, D. L. (1996), Use of Mass- and Area Dimensional Power Laws for Determining Precipitation Particle Terminal Velocities, J. Atmos. Sci., 53(12), 1710–1723.
  52. Moncrieff, W. M., S. K. Krueger, D. Gregory, J.-L. Redelsperger, and W.-K. Tao (1997), GEWEX Cloud System Study (GCSS) Working Group 4: Precipitating Convective Cloud Systems, Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 78(5), 831–845.
  53. Munchak, S. J. and C. D. Kummerow (2011), A Modular Optimal Estimation Method for Combined Radar-Radiometer Precipitation Profiling, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 50(2), 433–448, doi:10.1175/2010JAMC2535.1.
  54. Pendergrass, A. G. and D. L. Hartmann (2014), The Atmospheric Energy Constraint on Global-Mean Precipitation Change, J. Climate, 27(2), 757–768, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00163.1.
  55. Peters, O. and J. D. Neelin (2006), Critical phenomena in atmospheric precipitation, Nature Phys., 2(6), 393–396, doi:10.1038/nphys314.
  56. Pierdicca, N., F. S. Marzano, G. d'Auria, P. Basili, P. Ciotti, and A. Mugnai (1996), Precipitation Retrieval from Spaceborne Microwave Radiometers Based on Maximum a posteriori Probability Estimation, IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens., 34(4), 831–845.
  57. Pruppacher, H. R. and J. D. Klett (1997), Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, Johannes Gutenberg University, New Mexico State University.
  58. RAL Space (2013), Cloud and Precipitation Airborne Radiometer – RECEIVER TEST & CHARACTERISATION REPORT, RAL Space.
  59. Rapp, A. D., G. Elsaesser, and C. Kummerow (2009), A Combined Multisensor Optimal Estimation Retrieval Algorithm for Oceanic Warm Rain Clouds, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 48, 2242–2256.
  60. Reitter, S., K. Fröhlich, A. Seifert, S. Crewell, and M. Mech (2011), Evaluation of ice and snow content in the global numerical weather prediction model GME with CloudSat, Geosci. Model Dev., 4(3), 579–589, doi:10.5194/gmd-4-579-2011.
  61. Ren, L., P. Arkin, T. M. Smith, and S. S. P. Shen (2013), Global precipitation trends in 1900–2015 from a reconstruction and coupled model simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 118(4), 1679–1689, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50212.
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  64. Schroeder, S. R. (1111), Global Precipitable Water Variations since 1973 based on Preliminary Radiosonde Instrument Adjustments, Texas A&M University.
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  66. Smith, E. A., P. Bauer, F. S. Marzano, C. D. Kummerow, D. McKague, A. Mugnai, and G. Panegrossi (2002), Intercomparison of Microwave Radiative Transfer Models for Precipitating Clouds, IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens., 40(3), 541–549.
  67. Sorooshian, S., K.-L. Hsu, X. Gao, H. V. Gupta, B. Imam, and D. Braithwaite (2000), Evaluation of PERSIANN System Satellite-Based Estimates of Tropical Rainfall, Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 81(9), 2035–2046.
  68. Staelin, D. H. and F. W. Chen (2000), Precipitation Observation Near 54 and 183 GHz Using the NOAA-15 Satellite, IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens., 38(5), 2322–2332.
  69. Staelin, D. H. and C. Surussavadee (2006), Precipitation Retrieval Accuracies for Geo-Microwave Sounders, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 41–44.
  70. Stephens, G. L. and C. D. Kummerow (2007), The Remote Sensing of Clouds and Precipitation from Space: A Review, J. Atmos. Sci., 64(11), 3742–3765, doi:10.1175/2006JAS2375.1.
  71. Surussavadee, C. and D. H. Staelin (2008), Global Millimeter-Wave Precipitation Retrievals Trained With a Cloud-Resolving Numerical Weather Prediction Model, Part I: Retrieval Design, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 46, 99–108, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2007.908302.
  72. Surussavadee, C. and D. H. Staelin (2008), Global Millimeter-Wave Precipitation Retrievals Trained With a Cloud-Resolving Numerical Weather-Prediction Model, Part II: Performance Evaluation, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 46, 109–118, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2007.908299.
  73. Surussavadee, C. and D. H. Staelin (2009), Satellite Retrievals of Arctic and Equatorial Rain and Snowfall Rates Using Millimeter Wavelengths, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 47, 3697–3707, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2009.2029093.
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  76. Ushio, T., D. Katagami, K. Okamoto, and T. Inoue (2007), On the Use of Split Window Data in Deriving the Cloud Motion Vector for Filling the Gap of Passive Microwave Rainfall Estimation, Sci. Onl. Let. Atm., 3, 1–4, doi:10.2151/sola.2007-001.
  77. Vivekanandan, J., J. Turk, and V. N. Bringi (1991), Ice Water Path Estimation and Characterization Using Passive Microwave Radiometry, J. Appl. Meteorol., 30, 1407–1421.
  78. Wahl, S. and A. Macke (1111), Precipitable Water in Cloudy Area (VS-Plan 7.7), Institute for Marine Research.
  79. Waliser, D. E., J.-L. F. Li, T. S. L'Ecuyer, and W.-T. Chen (2011), The impact of precipitating ice and snow on the radiation balance in global climate models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L06802, doi:10.1029/2010GL046478.
  80. Weng, F., L. Zhao, R. R. Ferraro, G. Poe, X. Li, and N. C. Grody (2003), Advanced microwave sounding unit cloud and precipitation algorithms, Radio Sci., 38(4), 8068, doi:10.1029/2002RS002679.
  81. Wentz, F. J., L. Ricciardulli, K. Hilburn, and C. Mears (2007), How Much More Rain Will Gobal Warming Bring?, Science, 317(5835), 233–235, doi:10.1126/science.1140746.
  82. Wolters, E. L. A., B. J. J. M. van den Hurk, and R. A. Roebeling (2011), Evaluation of rainfall retrievals from SEVIRI reflectances over West Africa using TRMM-PR and CMORPH, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 437–451, doi:10.5194/hess-15-437-2011.
  83. Ku, L., X. Gao, S. Sorooshian, P. A. Arkin, and B. Imam (1999), A Microwave Infrared Threshold Technique to Improve the GOES Precipitation Index, J. Appl. Meteorol., 38, 569–579.
  84. Zanifé, O.-Z., C. Prigent, E. Defer, I. Meirold-Mautner, F. Aires, and C. Walden (2007), Study of the Potential of Sub-Millimetre Wave Observations for Precipitation Retrieval, Final Report, ESTEC contract No. 18054/04/NL/FF.