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  1. Appleman, H. S. (1953), The formation of exhaust condensation trails by jet aircraft, Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 34, 14–20.
  2. Arnott, W., W. P. Dong, Y. Ya, and J. Hallett (1995), Extinction efficiency in the IR (2-18 micron) of laboratory ice clouds: Observation of scattering minima in Christiansen bands of ice, J. Appl. Opt., 34, 541–551.
  3. Astin, I. (1997), A survey of studies into errors in large scale space-time averages of rainfall, cloud cover, sea surface processes and the earth's radiation budget as derived from low earth orbit satellite instruments because of their incomplete temporal and spatial coverage, Sur. Geophy., 18, 384–403.
  4. Aumann, H. H., M. T. Chahine, C. Gautier, M. D. Goldberg, E. Kalnay, L. M. McMillin, H. Revercomb, P. W. Rosenkranz, W. L. Smith, D. H. Staelin, L. L. Strow, and J. Susskind (2003), AIRS/AMSU/HSB on the Aqua mission: Design, science objectives, data products, and processing systems, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 41(2), 253–264.
  5. Bailey, M. and J. Hallet (2003), Growth rates and habits of ice crystals between -20° and -70°, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 514–544.
  6. Baran, A. J., P. N. Francis, L.C. Labonnote, and M. Doutriaux-Boucher (2001), A scattering phase function for ice cloud : Tests of applicability using aircraft and satellite multi-angle multi-wavelength radiance measurements of cirrus, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 127, 2395–2416.
  7. Baran, A. J., S. Havemann, P. N. Francis, and P. D. Watts (2003), A consistent set of single-scattering properties for cirrus cloud: tests using radiance measurements from a dual-viewing multi-wavelength satellite-based instrument, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 79–80, 549–567.
  8. Baran, A. J. (2003), Simulation of infrared scattering from ice aggregates using a size/shape distribution of ice cylinders, Appl. Opt., 42, 2811–2818.
  9. Baran, A. J. and P. N. Francis (2004), On the radiative properties of cirrus cloud at solar and thermal wavelengths: A test of model consistency using high-resolution airborne radiance measurements, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 130, 1–16.
  10. Baran, A. J. (2005), The dependence of cirrus infrared radiative properties in ice crystal geometry and shape of the size-distribution function, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 131, 1129–1142.
  11. Baran, A. J., P. D. Watts, and J. S. Foot (1998), Potential retrieval of dominating crystal habit and size using radiance data from a dual-view and multiwavelength instrument: A tropical cirrus anvil case, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 6075–6082.
  12. Baran, A. J., P. D. Watts, and P. N. Francis (1999), Testing the coherence of microphysical and bulk properties retrieved from dual-viewing multispectral satellite radiance measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 31673–31683.
  13. Barkstrom, B. R. (1984), The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 74.
  14. Baum, B. A., A. J. Heymsfield, P. Yang, and S. T. Bedka (2005), Bulk Scattering Properties for the Remote Sensing of Ice Clouds. Part I: Microphysical Data and Models, J. Appl. Meteorol., 44, 1885–1895.
  15. Baum, B. A., P. Yang, A. J. Heymsfield, S. Platnick, M. D.King, Y.-X. Hu, and S. T. Bedka (2005), Bulk Scattering Properties for the Remote Sensing of Ice Clouds. Part II: Narrowband Models, J. Appl. Meteorol., 44, 1896–1911.
  16. Bizzarri, B., et al. (2005), Geostationary Observation for Microwave Atmospheric Sounding (GOMAS), CNR Istiuto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC).
  17. Boucher, O. (1999), Air traffic may increase cirrus cloudiness, Nature, 397, 30–31.
  18. Boudala, F. S., G. A. Isaac, Q. Fu, and S. G. Cober (2002), Parameterization of effective ice particle size for high-latitude clouds, Int. J. Climatol., 22(10), 1267–1284.
  19. Breon, F.-M. and B. Dubrulle (2004), Horizontally Oriented Plates in Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 2888–2898.
  20. Chandrasekar, V., W. Li, and B. Zafar (2005), Estimation of raindrop size distribution from spaceborne radar observations, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 43(5), 1078–1086, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2005.846130.
  21. Charlton, J., M. L. Jarrett, M. E. Humphries, R. K. Child, N. L. Atkinson, T. J. Hewison, A. Slingo, D. A. V. Spilling, J. M. Higgins, M. A. Bray, P. R. Foster, and D. N. Matheson. (2002), Study on Future Microwave and Millimetre-wave Radiometer Requirements and Concepts, Final Report, ESTEC Contract No 14841/01/NL/MM.
  22. Charlton, J., B. Moyna, C. Lee, and E. Defer (2010), Study of a Sub-millimetre Wave Airborne Demonstrator for Observations of Precipitation and Ice Clouds, Final Report, ESTEC Contract No. 20927/07/NL/JA.
  23. Chen, T., W. B. Rossow, and Y. Zhang (2000), Radiative Effects of Cloud-Type Variations, J. Climate, 13(1), 264–286.
  24. Chepfer, H., P. Goloub, J. Riedi, J. F. De Haan, J. W. Hovenier, and P. H. Flamant (2001), Ice crystal shapes in cirrus clouds derived from POLDER/ADEOS-1, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D8), 7955–7966, doi:10.1029/2000JD900285.
  25. Chepfer, H., G. Brogniez, and Y. Fouquart (1998), Cirrus coulds' microphysical properties deduced from POLDER observations, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 60(3), 375–390.
  26. Chepfer, H., G. Brogniez, P. Goloub, F. M. Breon, and P. H. Flamant (1999), Observations of horizontally oriented ice crystals in cirrus clouds with POLDER-1/ADEOS-1, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 63, 521–543.
  27. Clark, H. L., R. S. Harwood, A. Billingham, and H. C. Pumphrey (2003), Cirrus and water vapor in the tropical tropopause layer observed by Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), J. Geophys. Res., 108(D24), doi:10.1029/2003JD003748.
  28. Crutzen, P. J. (2006), Albedo enhancement by stratospheric sulfur injections: A contribution to resolve a policy dilemma?, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and University of California.
  29. Curry, J. A., et al. (2000), FIRE Arctic Clouds Experiment, Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 81(1).
  30. Deeter, M. N. and K. F. Evans (2000), A Novel Ice-Cloud Retrieval Algorithm Based on the Millimeter-Wave Imaging Radiometer (MIR) 150- and 220-GHz Channels, J. Appl. Meteorol., 39, 623–633.
  31. DelGenio, A. D. (2002), GCM simulations of cirrus for climate studies, In: Cirrus, pp. 310–326, Edited by Lynch, D. K., K. Sassen, D. Starr, and G. Stephens, Oxford University Press.
  32. DelGenio, A. D., M.-S. Yao, W. Kovari, and K. K.-W. Lo (1996), A Prognostic Cloud Water Parameterization for Global Climate Models, J. Climate, 9(2), 270–304.
  33. Deschamps, P. Y., F. M. Breon, M. Leroy, A. Podaire, A. Bricaud, J. C. Buriez, and G. Seze (1994), The POLDER mission - Instrument characteristics and scientific objectives, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 32(3), 598–615.
  34. Doms, G. and U. Schaettler (1999), The nonhydrostatic Limited-Area Model LM (Lokal-Modell) of DWD. Part I: Scientific Documentation. DWD, GB Forschung und Entwicklung, DWD.
  35. Donner, L. J., C. J. Seman, B. J. Soden, R. S. Hemler, J. C. Warren, J. Stroem, and K.-N. Liou (1997), Large-scale ice clouds in the GFDL SKYHI general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 21745–21768.
  36. Donovan, D. P. (2003), Ice-cloud effective particle size parameterization based on combined lidar, radar reflectivity, and mean Doppler velocity measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D18), doi:10.1029/2003JD003469.
  37. Dowling, D. R. and L. F. Radke (1990), A summary of the physical properties of cirrus clouds, J. Appl. Meteorol., 29, 970–978.
  38. Duda, P.D., P. Minnis, L. Nguyen, and R. Palikonda (2004), A case study of the development of contrail clusters over the Great lakes, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1132–1146.
  39. Eguchi, N. and M. Shiotani (2004), Intraseasonal variations of water vapor and cirrus clouds in the tropical upper troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 109(D18), doi:10.1029/2003JD004314.
  40. ESA (2001), The Five Candidate Earth Explorer Core Missions - EarthCARE- Earth Clouds, Aerosols and Radiation Explorer, European Space Agency Agence spatiale europeenne.
  41. Evans, K. F., S. J. Walter, A. J. Heymsfield, and G. M. McFarquhar (2002), Submillimeter-Wave Cloud Ice Radiometer: Simulations of retrieval algorithm performance, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D3), doi:10.1029/2001JD000709.
  42. Evans, K. F. and W. J. Wiscombe (2004), An algorithm for generating stochastic cloud fields from radar profile statistics, Atmos. Res., 72, 263–289.
  43. Evans, K. F. (2004), Submillimeter-wave Ice Cloud Radiometry Channel Selection Study, Univerity of Colorado, Boulder.
  44. Evans, K. F. and G. L. Stephens (1995), Microwave Radiative Transfer through Clouds Composed of Realistically Shaped Ice Crystals. Part I: Single Scattering Properties, J. Atmos. Sci., 52(11), 2041–2057, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<2041:MRTTCC>2.0.CO;2.
  45. Evans, K. F. and G. L. Stephens (1995), Microwave Radiative Transfer through Clouds Composed of Realistically Shaped Ice Crystals. Part II: Remote Sensing of Ice Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2058–2072, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<2058:MRTTCC>2.0.CO;2.
  46. Evans, K. F., S. J. Walter, A. J. Heymsfield, and M. N. Deeter (1998), Modeling of Submillimeter Passive Remote Sensing of Cirrus Clouds, J. Appl. Meteorol., 37, 184–205.
  47. Evans, K. F., A. H., I. G. Nolt, and B. T. Marshall (1999), The Prospect for Remote Sensing of Cirrus Clouds with a Submillimeter-Wave Spectrometer, J. Appl. Meteorol., 38, 514–525.
  48. Ferraro, R. R., N. C. Grody, F. Weng, and A. Basist (1996), An Eight-Year (1987–1994) Time Series of Rainfall, Clouds, Water Vapor, Snow Cover, and Sea Ice Derived from SSM/I Measurements, Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 77, 891–906.
  49. Field, P. R., R. J. Hogan, P. R. A. Brown, A. J. Illingworth, T. W. Choularton, and R. J. Cotton (2005), Parametrization of Ice Particle Size Distributions For Mid-latitude Stratiform Cloud, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 131, 1997–2019.
  50. Fowler, L. D., D. A. Randall, and S. A. Rutledge (1996), Liquid and Ice Cloud Microphysics in the CSU General Circulation Model. Part I: Model Description and Simulated Microphysical Processes, J. Climate, 9(3), 489–529.
  51. Fu, Q. and K. N. Liou (1993), Parameterization of the Radiative Properties of Cirrus Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2008–2025, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<2008:POTRPO>2.0.CO;2.
  52. Fu, Q. and Y. Takano (1994), On the limitation of using asymmetry factor for radiative transfer in cirrus clouds, Atmos. Res., 34, 299–308.
  53. Fu, Q. (1996), An Accurate Parameterization of the Solar Radiative Properties of Cirrus for Climate Models, J. Climate, 9(9), 2058–2082, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2058:AAPOTS>2.0.CO;2.
  54. Fu, Q., P. Yang, and W. B. Sun (1998), An Accurate Parameterization of the Infrared Radiative Properties of Cirrus Clouds for Climate Models, J. Climate, 11, 2223–2237, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<2223:AAPOTI>2.0.CO;2.
  55. Gallagher, M. W., P. J. Connolly, J. Whiteway, D. Figueras-Nieto, M. Flynn, T. W. Choularton, K. N. Bower, and J. Hacker (2005), An overview of the microphysical structure of cirrus clouds observed during EMERALD-1, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 131, 1143–1169, doi:10.1256/qj.03.138.
  56. Gasiewski, A. J., A. Voronovich, B. L. Weber, B. Stankov, M. Klein, R. J. Hill, and J. W. Bao (2003), Geosynchronous Microwave (GEM) Sounder/Imager Observation System Simulation, In: IGARSS Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Proceedings.
  57. Gayet, J.-F., J. Ovarlez, V. Shcherbakov, J. Strom, U. Schumann, A. Minikin, F. Auriol, A. Petzold, and M. Monier (2004), Cirrus cloud microphysical and optical properties at southern and northern midlatitudes during the INCA experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 109, doi:10.1029/2004JD004803.
  58. Goldfarb, L., P. Keckhut, M-L. Chanin, and A. Hauchecorne (2001), Cirrus climatological results from lidar measurements at OHP (44°N, 6°E), Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1687–1690, doi:10.1029/2000GL012701.
  59. Golding, B. W. and N. C. Atkinson (2002), Study of Future Microwave Sounders on Geostationary and Medium Earth Orbits. Task 1 Report: Review of Preliminary List of Products and Corresponding Requirements, ESA study STN/PR72/002, MGO-MET-RP-001.
  60. Goodman, J., R. F. Pueschel, E. J. Jensen, S. Verma, G. V. Ferry, S. D. Howard, S. A. Kinne, and D. Baumgardner (1998), Shape and Size of Contrails Ice Particles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25(9), 1327–1330, doi:10.1029/97GL03091.
  61. Gultepe, I., G. A. Isaac, and S. G. Cober (2001), Ice crystal number concentration versus temperature for climate studies, Int. J. Climatol., 21, 1281–1302.
  62. Gultepe, I. and G. A. Isaac (2004), Aircraft observations of cloud droplet number concentration: Implications for climate studies, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 130, 2377–2390, doi:10.1256/qj.03.120.
  63. Guo, G., Q. Ji, P. Yang, and S.-C. Tsay (2005), Remote Sensing of Cirrus Optical and Microphysical Properties From Ground-Based Infrared Radiometric Measurements- Part II: Retrievals From CRYSTAL-FACE Measurements, IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Let., 2(2), 132–135.
  64. Hahn, C. J., W. B. Rossow, and S. G. Warren (2001), ISCCP Cloud Properties Associated with Standard Cloud Types Identified in Individual Surface Observations, J. Climate, 14, 11–28.
  65. Hallar, A. Gannet, L. M. Avallone, R. L. Herman, B. E. Anderson, and A. J. Heymsfield (2004), Measurements of ice water content in tropopause region Arctic cirrus during the SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE), J. Geophys. Res., 109, D17203, doi:10.1029/2003JD004348.
  66. Han, Q.-Y, W. B. Rossow, and A. A. Lacis (1994), Near-global survey of effective cloud droplet radii in liquid water clouds using ISCCP data, J. Climate, 7, 465–497.
  67. Han, Q.-Y., W. B. Rossow, J. Chou, K.-S. Kuo, and R. M. Welch (1999), The effects of aspect ratio and surface roughness on satellite retrievals of ice-cloud properties, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 63, 559–583.
  68. Hanesch, M. (1999), Fall Velocity and Shape of Snowflakes, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology.
  69. Hartmann, D. L., J. R. Holton, and Q. Fu (2001), The heat balance of the tropical tropopause, cirrus, and stratospheric dehydration, University of Washington.
  70. Hartmann, D. L. and D. A. Short (1980), On the use of earth radiation budget statistics for studies of clouds and climate, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1233–1249.
  71. Havemann, S., A. J. Baran, and J. M. Edwards (2003), Implementation of the T-matrix method on a massively parallel machine: a comparison of hexagonal ice cylinder single-scattering properties using T-matrix and improved geometric optics method, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 79, 707–720.
  72. Hendricks, J., B. Kärcher, U. Lohmann, and M. Ponater (2005), Do aircraft black carbon emissions affect cirrus clouds on the global scale?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, doi:10.1029/2005GL022740.
  73. Herman, G. F., M.-L.C. Wu, and W.T. Johnson (1980), The effect of clouds on the Earth's solar and infrared radiation budgets, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1251–1261.
  74. Heymsfield, A. J. and J. Iaquinta (2000), Cirrus crystal terminal velocities, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 916–938.
  75. Heymsfield, A. J., S. Lewis, A. Bansemer, J. Iaquinta, L. M. Miloshevich, M. Kajikawa, C. Twohy, and M. R. Poellot (2002), A general approach for deriving the properties of cirrus and stratiform ice cloud particles, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 3–29.
  76. Heymsfield, A. J. and G. M. McFarquahar (2002), Mid-latitude and Tropical Cirrus, In: Cirrus, pp. 78–101, Edited by Lynch, D. K., K. Sassen, D. Starr, and G. Stephens, Oxford University Press.
  77. Heymsfield, A. J., A. Bansemer, P.R. Field, S. L. Durden, J. L. Stith, J. E. Dye, W. Hall, and C. A. Grainger (2002), Observations and Parameterizations of Particle Size Distributions in Deep Tropical Cirrus and Stratiform Precipitating Clouds: Results from In Situ Observations in TRMM Field Campaigns., J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 3457–3491.
  78. Heymsfield, A. J. and L. M. Miloshevic (2002), Parameterizations for the Cross-Sectional Area and Extinction of Cirrus Stratiform Ice Cloud Particles, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 936–956.
  79. Heymsfield, A. J., S. Matrosov, and B. Baum (2003), Ice water path - optical depth relationships for cirrus and deep stratiform ice cloud layers, J. Appl. Meteorol., 42(20), 1369–1390.
  80. Heymsfield, A. J. (2003), Properties of tropical and midlatitude ice cloud particle ensembles, Part I: Median Mass Diameters and Terminal Velocities, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 2592–2611.
  81. Heymsfield, A. J. (2003), Properties of tropical and midlatitude ice cloud particle ensembles, Part II: Applications for mesoscale and climate models, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 2592–2611.
  82. Heymsfield, A. J., C. G. Schmitt, A. Bansemer, D. Baumgardner, E. M. Weinstock, J. T. Smith, and D. Sayres (2004), Effective Ice Particle Densities for Cold Anvil Cirrus, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31.
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  84. Heymsfield, A. J., D. Winker, and G.-J. van Zadelhoff (2005), Extinction-ice water content-effective radius algorithms for CALIPSO, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, doi:10.1029/2005GL022742.
  85. Heymsfield, A. J., L. M. Misloshevich, C. Schmitt, and A. Bansemer (2005), Homogeneous ice nucleation in subtropical convection and its influence on cirrus anvil microphysics, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 41–64.
  86. Heymsfield, A. J. and C. M. R. Platt (1984), A Parameterization of the Particle Size Spectrum of Ice Clouds in Terms of the Ambient Temperature and the Ice Water Content, J. Atmos. Sci., 41(5), 846–855, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<0846:APOTPS>2.0.CO;2.
  87. Heymsfield, A. J. and L. J. Donner (1990), A scheme for parameterizing ice cloud water content in general circulation models, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1865–1877.
  88. Heymsfield, A. J. and L. M. Miloshevich (1995), Relative Humidity and Temperature Influences on Cirrus Formation and Evolution: Observations from Wave Clouds and FIRE II, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 4302–4326.
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  91. Hong, G., G. Heygster, J. Miao, and K. Kunzi (2005), Sensitivity of microwave brightness temperatures to hydrometeors in tropical deep convective cloud system at 89-190 GHz channels measurements, Radio Sci., 40, RS4003, doi:10.1029/2004RS003129.
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  95. Ivanova, D., D. L. Mitchell, W. P. Arnott, and M. Poellot (2001), A GCM Parameterization for Bimodal Size Spectra and Ice Mass Removal Rates in Mid- latitude Cirrus Clouds, Atmos. Res., 59–60, 89–113.
  96. Jensen, E. J., J. B. Smith, L. Pfister, J. V. Pittman, E. M. Weinstock, D. S. Sayres, R. L. Herman, R. F. Troy, K. Rosenlof, T. L. Thompson, A. M. Fridlind, P. K. Hudson, D. J. Cziczo, A. J. Heymsfield, C. Schmitt, and J. C. Wilson (2005), Ice supersaturations exceeding 100% at the cold tropical tropopause: implications for cirrus formation and dehydration, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 851–862, doi:10.5194/acp-5-851-2005.
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  99. Kärcher, B. and U. Lohmann (2002), A parameterization of cirrus cloud formation: Homogeneous freezing of supercooled aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 107, doi:10.1029/2001JD000470.
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  107. King, M. D., W. P. Menzel, Y. J. Kaufman, D. Tanre, B.-C. Gao, S. Platnick, S. S. Ackerman, L. A. Remer, R. Pincus, and P. A. Hubanks (2003), Cloud and Aerosol Properties, Precipitable Water, and Profiles of Temperature and Water Vapor from MODIS, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 41(2), 442–458.
  108. King, M. D., W. P. Menzel, P. S. Grant, J. S. Myers, G. T. Arnold, S. E. Platnick, L. E. Gumley, S.-C. Tsay, C. C. Moeller, M. Fitzgerald, K. S. Brown, and F. G. Osterwisch (1996), Airborne Scanning Spectormeter for Remote Sensong of Cloud, Aerosol, Water Vapor, and Surface Properties, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 13(4), 777–794.
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